Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. What is chemiosmotic theory and how the ATP synthase functions?
2. In the past uncoupler 2,4 dinitophenol was used as a weightreducing drug until side affects like fatigue and breathlessness precluded its use. How could the use of this drug result in weight loss?
(b) Describe any four inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation alongwith their specific mechanism and site of inhibition.
3. Write down the irresrsible reactions of glycolysis.
(b) What is the significance of HMP-Shunt?
4. What is diabetes mellitus? How would you diagonose it?
(b) Discuss biochemical explanation for cataract formation and retinopathy associated with hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes.
5. A new born begins vomiting after feeding, becomes severly jaundiced, has liver disease and cloudyness of eye suggestive of cataract. Urine has reducing substance. Blood screening for glactosemia is postive. What is the reason for development of liver disease and appearance of reducing substance in urine?
(b) How is lactose synthesized in mother?
Lipid Metabolism
1. What are intracellular sites for B-oxidation of fatty acids. Enumerate causes leading to impaired b-oxidation of fatty acids. Why there develops hypoglycemia in these diseases?
2. Enumerate the causes of fatty liver. How alcohol aggravates it and choline improves it?
3. Describe the uptake and catabolism of LDL by the extra hepatic tissues. What is the down regulation of LDL receptors?
4. What is the major regulatory step in cholestrol biosynthesis? How is it regulated? What are functions of cholestrol?
5. What are regulatory steps in fatty acid synthesis. How these are regulated? What are the sources of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?
Protein Metabolism & Liver Function Tests
1. What is ubiquitin. What is its role and its specificity?
2. What are L-aminoaacids oxidases? Whaere they exsist and how they act?
3. Enumaratre the sources of ammonia. How ammonia intoxication occurs?
4. Illustrate how oxaloaccetate and intermediate of TCA cycle cyclically carries and incorporates nitrogen of Glutamate into a precursor of urea?
5. Explain how the defects in the gene of N-acetyl Glutamate synthase result in severe hyperammonimia?
6. What biochemical markers are raised in ornithine transcarbamylase defeciecny?
7. What is cystineurea ? What is its cause? What other aminoacids appear in urine in this disorder?
8. Which enzyme is deficient in:
a) Richner Han Hart syndrome b) L Kaptone urea c) Phenyl ketone urea type 2 d) Mapple syrup urine disease
9. How carnosine and hippuric acid is produced?
10. Give the biosynthesis of epinephrine in nueral cells?
11. What are polyamines? Give their functions?
12. What are the functions of Selenocystein? How is it synthesized?
13. Enumerate the important physiological compounds produced from glycine.
14. Give four synthetic functions of liver?
15. Differentiate biochemically b/w prehepatic and hepatic jaundice.
Physiology
Kidney
1. Describe the factors affecting GFR?
2. Define transport max and renal plasma threhold. How does glucosuria occur in diabetes mellitus?
3. Describe the mechanism of sodium reabsorption in proximal & distal tubule.
4. Describe the production of new HCO3 by the kidney?
5. What is role of urea in formation of hyperosmolarity in renal medulla?
6. Draw and label Micturation pathway.
7. A patient of chronic renal failure came to the hospital. Lab investigations showed: urea 140mg/dl (normal upto 40), Hb 6gm/dl, HCO3 18meq (normal 24). He had periorbital edema.
a. Explain the cause of anemia and edema?
b. what type of acid-base balance disturbance is present and justify your diagonosiss.
Special Senses & GIT
1. What biochemical changes occur when light fall on retina?
2. a) What is matching impedance?
b) Place principle for frequency detection
3. A 45 year old person complain of difficulty in reading newspaper but vision improves if he adjusts the distance between eye and newspaper. His far vision is quite normal.
a) What is most likely diagonosis
b) What kind of mechanism failure might be involved
c) what is the treatment?
4. Describe the olfactory pathway?
5. Explain Deglutition (Swallowing) with esophagael phase. What is Achalasia?
6. What is the mechanism of vomiting? What are the metabolic effects of vomiting?
7. What are the factors affecting the empyting of stomach? What is migrating motor complex (MMC)?
8. A three years child was brought tot the pediatrician with history of severe constipation i.e. stools passed barely once a week, most often the child was taken to a clinic for manual evacuation of the bowel. BArium meal study revealed very dialated descending colon with accumalted matter.
a) What is probable diagnosis?
b) What pathophysiologic factors are responsible for this disorder?
c) What adverse can occur on the health of the child?
ANATOMY
Head & Neck Stage
|
